GNU / Linux

Posté le 14 novembre 2018 dans Linux par Julien.

Description

Il existe de nombreux systèmes d’exploitation libres qui sont composés comme tel :

• Noyau : Linux
• Des logiciels : GNU

Il en découle de nombreuses « distributions » qui reposent sur ces composants GNU/Linux, par exemple :

• Debian
• Ubuntu
• RedHat
• KaliLinux
• ArchLinux
• ElementaryOS
• Etc …

Rien de tel qu’un bon schéma pour illustrer le tout 🙂

Organisation des dossiers

bin/		# Programmes (exécutables) susceptibles d'être utilisés par tous les utilisateurs de la machine

boot/		# Fichiers permettant le démarrage de Linux

dev/		# Fichiers contenant les périphériques

etc/		# Fichiers de configuration
- shadow		# Contient les hashs des mots de passe
- apache2/		# Dossier de configuration
- - apache2.conf		# Fichier de configuration principal d'apache2
- ...

home/		# Répertoires personnels des utilisateurs
- Desktop/		# Le bureau

lib/		# Bibliothèques partagées essentielles et modules du noyau

mnt/		# Point de montage des partitions temporaires

opt/		# Paquetages d'applications logicielles supplémentaires
- plesk/		# Applications Plesk (ex: php)
- ...

root/		# Répertoires personnels de l'utilisateur root
- Desktop/		# Le bureau

sbin/		# Binaires système essentiels

tmp/		# Fichiers temporaires

usr/		# Hiérarchie secondaire

var/		# Données variables
- www/			# Sites web
- - un_site/		# Un site
- - - index.php 		# index du site
- ...

Raccourcis clavier Terminal

################## Working With Processes ##################
Ctrl+C	# Interrupt (kill) the current foreground process running in in the terminal. This sends the SIGINT signal to the process, which is technically just a request—most processes will honor it, but some may ignore it.
Ctrl+Z	# Suspend the current foreground process running in bash. This sends the SIGTSTP signal to the process. To return the process to the foreground later, use the fg process_name command.
Ctrl+D	# Close the bash shell. This sends an EOF (End-of- file) marker to bash, and bash exits when it receives this marker. This is similar to running the exit command.

################## Tab Completion ##################
Tab	# Automatically complete the file, directory, or command you’re typing.

################## Controlling the Screen ##################
Ctrl+L	# Clear the screen. This is similar to running the “clear” command.
Ctrl+S	# Stop all output to the screen. This is particularly useful when running commands with a lot of long, verbose output, but you don’t want to stop the command itself with Ctrl+C.
Ctrl+Q	# Resume output to the screen after stopping it with Ctrl+S.

################## Moving the Cursor ##################
Ctrl+A / Home	# Go to the beginning of the line.
Ctrl+E or End	# Go to the end of the line.
Alt+B	# Go left (back) one word.
Ctrl+B	# Go left (back) one character.
Alt+F	# Go right (forward) one word.
Ctrl+F	# Go right (forward) one character.
Ctrl+XX	# Move between the beginning of the line and the current position of the cursor. This allows you to press Ctrl+XX to return to the start of the line, change something, and then press Ctrl+XX to go back to your original cursor position. To use this shortcut, hold the Ctrl key and tap the X key twice.

################## Deleting Text ##################
Ctrl+D / Delete	# Delete the character under the cursor.
Alt+D	# Delete all characters after the cursor on the current line.
Ctrl+H / Backspace	# Delete the character before the cursor.

################## Fixing Typos ##################
Alt+T	# Swap the current word with the previous word.
Ctrl+T	# Swap the last two characters before the cursor with each other. You can use this to quickly fix typos when you type two characters in the wrong order.
Ctrl+_	# Undo your last key press. You can repeat this to undo multiple times.

################## Cutting and Pasting ##################
Ctrl+W	# Cut the word before the cursor, adding it to the clipboard.
Ctrl+K	# Cut the part of the line after the cursor, adding it to the clipboard.
Ctrl+U	# Cut the part of the line before the cursor, adding it to the clipboard.
Ctrl+Y	# Paste the last thing you cut from the clipboard. The y here stands for “yank”.

################## Capitalizing Characters ##################
Alt+U	# Capitalize every character from the cursor to the end of the current word, converting the characters to upper case.
Alt+L	# Uncapitalize every character from the cursor to the end of the current word, converting the characters to lower case.
Alt+C	# Capitalize the character under the cursor. Your cursor will move to the end of the current word.

################## Working With Your Command History ##################
Ctrl+P / Up Arrow	# Go to the previous command in the command history. Press the shortcut multiple times to walk back through the history.
Ctrl+N / Down Arrow	# Go to the next command in the command history. Press the shortcut multiple times to walk forward through the history.
Alt+R	# Revert any changes to a command you’ve pulled from your history if you’ve edited it.
Ctrl+R	# Recall the last command matching the characters you provide. Press this shortcut and start typing to search your bash history for a command.
Ctrl+O	# Run a command you found with Ctrl+R.
Ctrl+G	# Leave history searching mode without running a command.